Love is Beautiful in Julius Caesar Essay -- Julius Caesar

The word drive in has thousands of regard asing but in the end it can mean save one thing. Now over the years the word love had totally lost its meaning, but thats not important to this essay. We are feeling back at a time when love was a word that you didnt throw around. When love still had meaning. When togas were still in style.The word love is repeated in many forms throughout the play Julius Caesar. Unlike the way that we use it today, this word had different meanings. Someone saying it did not usually mean sexual feelings towards another, but it meant friendship in its own sick and twisted way. In all seriousness though, this word truly meant something back then. So that is what well be looking at today, the multiple meanings of the word that is love. Grab your togas and join the funOk first we will be looking into act one. For those of you who didnt discover or just plain forgot what happened here it is in a nutshell. Ok Caesar just killed Pompay and is the over-all rul er of Rome. Some people do not like this and embark on to conspire to kill Caesar. Easy enough, right? We see the word love many times in this act but lets check out the basics. Cassius says, were I a common laughter or did use to stale with ordinary oaths my live to every new protestor (line 73, Act I, scene II). What he is saying here is that he loves the people willing to protest the rule of Caesar. Now this isnt oh I love you marry me now typ...

Classroom of the Future Essay -- Teaching Education

Classroom of the Future Essay In ten years, I entrust be 32 years old. I will be direction full-time in an elementary school. Things will be a lot different than they are now, technology in particular. Everything that is cutting-edge function now will be widely available. In my classroom of the future, my students will all have helpful technological tools to further enable their learning capabilities. unmatchable thing my classroom will have is a smart board. In fact, every classroom will have one. Smart boards, otherwise known as interactive whiteboards, are like big computer screens the size of chalkboards. The screen shows whatever the computer attached to it tells it to, and things can be highlighted and edited by sorrowful the screen. The boards are also able to be written on, and are totally interactive, hence the name interactive whiteboard. These will be really helpful when teaching lessons because of all the things that you can do with them. Its like a c halkboard that actually responds to you. Smart boards also enable video conferencing. This is great because students can go on virtual tours using these smart board video conferences. They can speak to scientists and tour guides and hundreds of other informed professionals willing to conference with them. This avoids the hassle of rhythmical field trips which involve transportation and permission slips and takes up a lot of time and energy. Now students can have those same benefits of learning from the comfort of their classrooms (EdCompass). another(prenominal) piece of technology that will benefit students in my future classroom will be cell phones. In ten years, theres a good possibility that every person in the country will have a cellular phone, students... ...nology to help them with every task. Their learning will be advanced tenfold through the use of whats known today as cutting-edge technology. And, best of all, classrooms will be improving all the time. who le shebang CitedDaly, J. (2004). Life on the screen. Retrieved Apr. 19, 2005, from Edutopia Magazine Web site http//www.edutopia.org/magazine/ed1article.php?id=Art_1160&issue=sept_04. Shreve, J. (2005). Let the games begin. Retrieved Apr. 19, 2005, from Edutopia Magazine Web site http//www.edutopia.org/magazine/ed1article.php?id=art_1268&issue=apr_05.SMART Technologies Inc., (n.d.). Edcompass. Retrieved Apr. 19, 2005, from respect Technology Web site http//edcompass.smarttech.com/. Wired Magazine, (2005). Cell phones put to novel use. Retrieved Apr. 19, 2005, from Wired News Web site http//wired-vig.wired.com/news/gizmos/0,1452,66950,00.html.

the time machine characters :: essays research papers

Characters The Time traveller - The Time Travellers name is never given. Apparently the narrator wants to defend his identity. The Time Traveller is an inventor. He likes to speculate on the future and the underlying structures of what he observes. His house is in Richmond, a suburb of London.The Narrator - The narrator, Mr. Hillyer, is the Time Travellers dinner party guest. His curiosity is enough to make him return to investigate the morning after the first time travel.Weena - Weena is one of the Eloi. Although the Time Traveller reports that it is difficult to distinguish sex among the Eloi, he seems quite sure that Weena is female. He easily saves her from being washed down the river, and she eagerly becomes his friend. Her behavior toward him is not unlike that of a pet or small child.Summary A group of men, including the narrator, is listening to the Time Traveller discuss his theory that time is the fourth dimension. The Time Traveller produces a small time machine and m akes it disappear into thin air. The next week, the guests return, to find their host stumble in, looking disheveled and tired. They sit down after dinner, and the Time Traveller begins his story.The Time Traveller had finally finished work on his time machine, and it rocketed him into the future. When the machine stops, in the year 802,701 AD, he finds himself in a paradisiacal creative activity of small humanoid creatures called Eloi. They are frail and peaceful, and give him fruit to eat. He explores the area, but when he returns he finds that his time machine is gone. He decides that it has been put within the pedestal of a nearby statue. He tries to pry it open but cannot. In the night, he begins to catch glimpses of strange white ape-like creatures the Eloi call Morlocks. He decides that the Morlocks red-hot below ground, down the wells that dot the landscape. Meanwhile, he saves one of the Eloi from drowning, and she befriends him. Her name is Weena. The Time Traveller fin ally works up enough courage to go down into the world of Morlocks to try to retrieve his time machine. He finds that matches are a good defense against the Morlocks, but ultimately they chase him out of their realm. frighten by the Morlocks, he takes Weena to try to find a place where they will be safe from the Morlocks nocturnal hunting.

The Real Sucker Essay -- essays research papers

The Real SuckerGeoff Karanasos CARSON McCULLERS December 12, 1996Many Different experiences in a pip-squeaks life help form the personalityand attitude he or she will adopt later in life. One such congresswoman of this is afictional character named Sucker. This young boy really admired his cousin Pete,whom he lived with. Sucker was just an innocent child who would believeanything Pete said. The more(prenominal) Sucker admired Pete, the more Pete resented Sucker.This went on until Pete met a girl. Pete was so happy that he didnt mindSuckers admiration toward him. Sucker became a bright enthusiastic child wholoved being around Pete. He was so happy that he didnt want anything to change.After Pete got dumped, he turned all of his frustrations toward Sucker. Suckerthen...

Ebonics :: essays research papers

Ebonics, which stands for Ebony + Phonics is a new term that Linguistics use to describe obscure Dialect or Black English or many of the other names that it has been given for more that 350 years.. has been in the news recently but it is unquestionably not a new topic. Ebonics is a " phrase" that is a combi republic of "proper English" and a combination of African languages. Because of this combination a excogitation was formed on how certain words are said such as this and that, would be pronounced dis and dat. In all words the "Th." sound sounded alike a "D". There was also another pattern formed such as, no tense indicated in the verb, no "r" sound and no consonant pairs. These are just some of the many patterns that were created when Africans were forced to learn the English language.History states that around 1619, during the slave trade, ships collected slaves not just from one nation but from many nations. Although they were all Afr icans certain areas spoke different languages. Some Africans spoke Ibo, Yoruba and Hausa. They were then separated from each other and had to travel with people whom the could not understand. Captain William Smith wrote...There will be no more likelihood of their succeeding in a plot...The slaves then had to learn English so that they could prevail some form of communication with their masters. Their native language and English would be combined and they would speak African-English pidgin. As the slaves began to learn how to send with each other, their words would blend in into one common word that they could all understand. This is one of the ways that the language became mixed with English.When the African slaves had children they talked to them in African English pidgin. The slaves taught the children both languages so that they could communicate with the slaveowners and to other slaves. As each generation went on the Africans began to speak better English but there were still word that were never spoken right on or said in proper form.In Georgia and other southern states there were blacks who were not brought from Africa and quite a few knew how to speak standard English. slightly 1858 over 400 slave from Africa were brought straight to Georgia and none of them knew a word of English.(Smitherman) Being that these two groups merged together they adapted each others language whether it was correct or incorrectOn the east coast of America, the Blacks spoke a different degree of

Ebonics :: essays research papers

Ebonics, which stands for Ebony + Phonics is a new term that Linguistics use to describe Black speech pattern or Black English or many of the separate names that it has been given for more that 350 years.. has been in the news recently however it is definitely non a new topic. Ebonics is a "language" that is a combination of "proper English" and a combination of African languages. Because of this combination a pattern was make on how certain words are said such as this and that, would be pronounced dis and dat. In all words the "Th." sound sounded like a "D". There was also another pattern formed such as, no tense indicated in the verb, no "r" sound and no harmonious pairs. These are just rough of the many patterns that were created when Africans were forced to learn the English language.History states that around 1619, during the slave trade, ships collected slaves not just from peerless nation but from many nations. Although they wer e all Africans certain areas spoke different languages. Some Africans spoke Ibo, Yoruba and Hausa. They were then separated from each other and had to travel with people whom the could not understand. chieftain William Smith wrote...There will be no more likelihood of their succeeding in a plot...The slaves then had to learn English so that they could have some form of communication with their masters. Their native language and English would be combined and they would speak African-English pidgin. As the slaves began to learn how to communicate with each other, their words would merge into one common word that they could all understand. This is one of the ways that the language became mixed with English.When the African slaves had children they talked to them in African English pidgin. The slaves taught the children both languages so that they could communicate with the slaveowners and to other slaves. As each generation went on the Africans began to speak better English but there were still word that were never spoken ameliorately or said in proper form.In Georgia and other southern states there were blacks who were not brought from Africa and quite a few knew how to speak standard English. Around 1858 over 400 slave from Africa were brought straight to Georgia and none of them knew a word of English.(Smitherman) Being that these two groups merged together they adapted each others language whether it was correct or incorrectOn the east coast of America, the Blacks spoke a different degree of

The Bad Side of Social Network

The mischievous side of social webs Social network is been lately very popular in society. Because of this all the users wants to be aware of what the other soul is posting. Social network is a bad influence for some of the people because sometimes it appears windows that you dont want to see. Social networks has changed the way people interact. In many ways, has led to positive changes in the way people communicate and share information, however, it has a bad side, as well. Social networking can sometimes pull up stakes in negative outcomes, some with long-term consequences.Its a waste of time because you dont take advan drage of your free time in some pages like games or Facebook, MySpace, Hi5, etc, while you can be reading a book or cleaning your room or whatever. Youare in diasplay to all the people, like in facebook you upload a photo of the place you are and everybody sees where are you at. Many social networking sites regularly cook changes that require you to update you r settings in order to maintain your privacy, and frequently it is difficult to discover how enable settings for your appropriate level of privacy.Related reading The Other spatial relation of EmailBecause of this, many users do not realize how much private information they are allowing to become public by not re-evaluating settings every time the network makes a change. Tagging can also serve as an invasion of privacy. When social networking sites have a tagging option, unless you disable it, friends or acquaintances may be able to tag you in posts or photographs that reveal sensitive data. In other way it can be good to have facebook or other social network, moreover just for fun and reconect to old friends, like the friend in primary school that you never saw them again.But most of the time social networks are bad because is a waste of time, it can cause an addiction, and maybe cause a lot of problems. In conclussion, while social networking has clearly demonstrable negative im pacts, it is most likely here to stay. Deciding whether you or your children will use social networking is an individual choice. By using it responsibly and encouraging your children to do the same, you can undertake the benefits of social networking while avoiding the drawbacks.

The Influence of Noam Chomsky in Child Language Acquisition

The influence of nary(prenominal)m Chomsky in child actors line acquisition Noam Chomsky dominated the world of linguals like a colossus for decades after the late fifties. My main aim of this essay is to discuss his influence in the area of child dustup acquisition and inspect to see if his influence is wax or waning. After that I will examine the reasons behind the increase or decrease of his influence. I will be relating back every so often to nativism and the great nature vs. recruit debate since Chomskys reputation significantly depends on it.Avram Noam Chomsky was born in 1928 and is, as reported by the online encyclopaedia , an Institute Professor Emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and also is the creator of the Chomsky hierarchy, a classification of formal deliverys. Apart from his linguistic work, Chomsky is also famous for his semipolitical views. Although, the field of childrens language evolution includes a whole range of persp ectives , the issue that has break throughweighed the rest is that of whether language ability is innate or not.This matter which has been long debated concentrates on finding emerge whether children were born preprogrammed to acquire language or is it me avow a matter of cultural product . unmatched of the most influential figures around this debate was Noam Chomsky, who believed in the innate capacity of children for learning language. As Harris (199076) explains, Chomsky suggested that infants are born with innate retireledge of the properties of language. Further elaborating on Chomskyss belief, Sampson (199723) says Chomsky claims that this process of first language acquisition must be determined in most respects by a ge winningsic programme, so that the development of language in an individuals mind is akin to the growth of a bodily organ earlier than being a matter of responding to environmental stimulation. Noam Chomsky suggested that children are born with a genetic m echanism for the acquisition of language, which he called a Language Acquisition Device (LAD).He claimed that they are born with the major principles of language in place, but with many parameters to set. Further supporting this claim Chomsky (1972113) said Having just virtually knowledge of the characteristics of the acquired grammars and the limitations on the available data, we can formulate quite middling and fairly strong empirical hypotheses regarding the internal structure of the LAD that constructs the postulated grammars from the given data. Nevertheless, this theory of an innate Language Acquisition Device has not been generally sure but in fact has been opposed on two grounds.Firstly, in the famous ongoing debate between nature and nurture many batch attain criticised Chomsky for disregarding environmental aspects. Secondly, at that place is a difference of opinion as to whether language acquisition is part of the childs wider cognitive development or as Chomsky b elieves, is an independent inborn ability. Disagreements such as these display the immense impact Chomskys theory has had on the field of linguistics. One of the rally concepts which Chomsky introduced was the idea of Universal Grammar.Chomsky greatly influenced Linguistic thinking by his theory that a universal grammar inspires all languages and that all languages have the same basic rudimentary structure. Collis et al (199411) further clarify Chomsky argued that universals of linguistic form are innate the child had inborn knowledge of the general form of a transformational grammar. He believed in Universal Grammar because children remarkably seem to be able to learn rapidly whatever language they are exposed to despite certain rules of grammar being beyond their learning capacity and in a couple of years they seem to master the system they are immersed in .Harris (199076) supporting this view says After a plosive of round four to five years moving picture to the language of those around them, children seem to have mastered the underlying rule system which enables them to create an infinite variety of relatively well-formed, complex sentences. Also children progress so rapidly in acquiring their native language as though they know in advance the general form of the system to be acquired as Fromkin & Rodman (1998339) state, The similarity of the language acquisition stages across diverse peoples and languages shows that children are equipped with especial(a) abilities to acquire. Wilkipedia explaining this theory says it does not claim that all human languages have the same grammar, or that all humans are programmed with a structure that underlies all develop expressions of human language but rather, universal grammar proposes a set of rules that would explain how children acquire their language(s), or how they construct valid sentences of their language. Although, Sampson (1997108) gives the arguments in support of language universals some credit saying the arguments from universals is the only one hat has some serious prima facie force But, by and large, Sampson (1997136) disagrees as he concludes there are some universal features in human languages, but what they mainly show is that human beings have to learn their mother tongues rather than having knowledge of language innate in their minds. Another argument, involving Chomsky, which is referred to as Poverty of data, is that children would be unable to learn language in a human environment where the input is of poor quality. Chomsky (1980) argued that the childs acquisition of grammar is hopelessly underdetermined by the fragmentary evidence available. He recognized this deficiency due(p) to two major reasons. The first is the poor nature of the input. agree to Chomsky, the sentences heard by the child are so full of errors and incompletions that they provide no clear indication of the possible sentences of the language. As well as this trouble there is an unavailabl eness of negative evidence and children have a hard date knowing which forms of their language are acceptable and which are unacceptable. As a result of all this, he believes language learning must rely on other constraints from universal grammar.Macwhinney (2004) says To solve this logical problem, theorists have proposed a serial of constraints and parameterizations on the form of universal grammar. Plausible alternatives to these constraints include conservatism, item-based learning, indirect negative evidence, competition, cue construction, and monitoring. According to Macwhinney (2004) Chomskys views about the poor quality of the input have not stood up well to the test of time. Many studies of child directed speech have shown that speech to young children is slow, clear, grammatical, and very repetitious. stark nakedport, Gleitman & Gleitman (1977) reported, the speech of mothers to children is unswervingly well-formed. to a greater extent recently, Sagae et al (2004) exam ined several of the corpora in the CHILDES database and found that adult input to children can be parsed with an accuracy level parallel to that for corpora. Although, this failure of Chomskys claim has not so far led to the collapse of the argument from poverty of stimulus, however, as Macwhinney (2004) says, It has placed increased weight on the remaining claims regarding the absence of applicable evidence. The overall claim as Macwhinney (2004) points out is that, given the absence of appropriate positive and negative evidence, no child can acquire language without counselor from a rich set of species-specific innate hypotheses. Chomsky also claimed that there was a diminutive period for language learning which was first proposed by Eric Lenneberg. He claimed, as Cook & Newson (1996301) explain, that there is a critical period during which the human mind is able to learn language before or after this period language cannot be acquired in a natural fashion.Although the rare ca ses of feral children who had been deprived of first language in early childhood seems to support the idea of critical period but it is not known for definite if deprivation was the only reason for their language learning difficulties as Sampson (199737) points out, it is not certain if children in cases of uttermost(prenominal) deprivation have trouble learning language because they have missed their so-called critical period or if it is because of the extreme trauma they have experienced. Although Chomsky was a very influential and successful nativist, Sampson (1997159) claims his theories were given a helping hand by external circumstances. At the time when he was putting forward these ideas about language and human nature, Chomsky was also the leading intellectual opponent of American involvement in the Vietnam War as Sampson (199711) states politics had given Chomsky much of his consultation in the early days as he was the leading intellectual figure in the 1960s movement ag ainst American involvement in the Vietnam War. His opponent to the Vietnam War made him a popular figure amongst the young Americans who also opposed the decision and were eager to cheer on anyone speaking against it. Sampson (199711) also points out importantly Many people came to listen to Chomsky on foreign policy and stayed to listen to him on linguistics. Giving other reasons Sampson (1997159) claims that it was a period when the academic correspond of linguistics found a new market in providing professional training for teachers of foreign language and this nativist style of language analysis was relatively appealing to them as nativism focused on language universals rather than on the peculiar individual features of particular languages. Similarly he points out that it was a period when knowledge of other languages among the English speaking world was diminishing. Furthermore, the years around 1970 were also a period when the university system expanded massively in a very short eriod. Large numbers of people were taken on into the university teaching profession over a few years, and after entering they remained there as Sampson (1997159) says, they stayed so an over-presentation of whatever intellectual trends happened to be hot just then was locked into the system. Stating another reason Sampson (1997161) claims American linguists who were not established in their careers were afeard(predicate) to voice disagreement with nativism publicly for fear of damaging their chances of academic employment. The most important point keeping the nativist domination is the greater job availability as Sampson (1997161) points out, there are more jobs in nativism than empiricism During the 1980s, Chomskys nativist discourse moved out of the public limelight as his political interference became less agreeable to many and so Chomskys influence started to diminish in significance to linguistic nativism as Sampson (199711) says In the 1980s Chomskys star waned and th en reasoning the 1980s eclipse he says that those were the Margaret Thatcher years, which meant that educated public opinion had other things to be interested in. But, beginning in the 1990s, a new wave of writing has revived basically the same idea about language and knowledge being innate in human beings and they rely on Chomskys ideas as Sampson (199714) says, Many of the nativists work of the 1990s depend on chomskys version of nativism. However, these books seem to better equipped to the test of time as Sampson (2003) points out These books refer to a broader range of considerations, including issues high in human interest such as case studies of pidgin languages, young childrens speech, experiments in teaching language to apes whereas Chomskys arguments were rather dryly formal and mathematical. Furthermore, the contemporary nativists claim to identify some additional evidence which was never mentioned by Chomsky. some(prenominal) different writers have contributed to this ne w wave of present-day arguments for nativism. By far the most influential, however, as Sampson (2003) suggests, has been Steven Pinkers 1994 book The Language Instinct. Regarding this new revival Sampson (199712) says The nativists of the 1990s are quite different. Their books are full of fascinating information about languages and linguistic behaviour so that people enjoy reading for the data alone. He further states As a result, the new generation of linguistic nativists have succeeded very quickly in winning audiences and attracting praise from distinguished and sometimes influential onlookers. Criticising the content of these books he says The reader is taken on a magical mystery tour of language and urged to agree that nativism makes a plausible account of it all- rather than herded through a bare corral in which every side exit is sealed off by barriers of logic and the only way out is the gate labelled innate knowledge. In conclusion, it is very obvious to see the great impa ct Chomskys ideologies have had in the area of child language acquisition which subsequently enhanced his status. Describing his huge influence Sampson (199710) says, It would be hard to exaggerate the impact that these ideas of Noam Chomskys achieved. He further states By many accusative measures, he became the worlds most influential living thinker. Sampson (199711) further reports that, in the comprehensive computerized registers of references that scholars make to one anothers writings in the academic literature within the sphere covered by the Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Chomsky is the most- quoted living writer, and the eighth most quoted in history. Although his ideas suffered a ware in the 1980s, it has been strongly revived since the 1990s as Sampson (1997161) critically states in the 1990s the public mood has changed again.Society is showing signs of reverting to an almost medieval acceptance of intellectual authority, from which dissent is seen as morally obje ctionable Further, reasoning the success of these new nativist writers he says When Chomsky originally spelled out an argument, the reader would appreciate it and might detect its fallacies but when recent writers refer to something as having been established back in the 1960s70s, most readers are likely to take this on trust, for lack of time and energy to check the sources. Finally, on the subject of nature vs. nurture debate, which so heavily involves Chomsky, it seems impossible to distinguish whether language is only acquired due to environmental exposure or simply due to innate faculties. From the evidence it seems that humans possess innate capabilities which enable linguistic development, but the correct environment, with exposure to adult language throughout the critical period, also seems to be necessary in order for a child to develop and become a practised speaker.In regards to this issue Collis (199410) makes a valid conclusion current thinking about language acquisit ion treats nativist and empiricist explanations as forthrightly opposed, but as potentially varying in degree language acquisition is mostly a realisation of innate principles, or mostly a consequence of learning. Similarly, Sampson (2003) clarifies clearly this issue is not an all-or-nothing question. It is about where truth lies on a spectrum of possibilities. Nature must have some role in human cognition conversely, nurture must also play a role. Bibliography Chomsky, N. (1972) Language and Mind New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Chomsky, N. (1980). Rules and representations. New York Columbia University Press Chomsky, N. (1986) Knowledge of language its nature, origin and use. New York Praeger Cook, V. J, & Newson, M. (1996) Chomskys Universal Grammar An Introduction(2nd ed. ) UKBlackwell Publishers Collis, G. , Perera, K, & Richards, B (1994) (Eds. ), Growing points in child language UK CUP Fromkin, V. and Rodman, R. (1998) An Introduction to Language. 6th. ed. US Harcourt B race College PublishersHarris, J (1990) Early Language Development- implications for clinical and educational practice LondonRoutledge Macwhinney, B(2004) A multiple process solution to the logical problem of language acquisition Journal of Child Language. Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 883914 UKCUP Newport, E. , Gleitman, H. & Gleitman, L. (1977). Mother, I? d rather do it myself some effects and non-effects of maternal speech style. In C. Ferguson (ed. ), Talking to children language input and acquisition. Cambridge CUP Sagae, K. , MacWhinney, B. & Lavie, A. (2004). automatic rifle parsing of parentchild interactions.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 36, 11326. Sampson,G (2005) The Language Instinct Debate Revised Edition of Educating Eve Continuum International Publishing Group Sampson, G (2003) Empiricism v. Nativism http//www. grsampson. net/REmpNat. html(07/05/05) Sampson,G (1997) The Language Instinct Debate Educating Eve London and New York Cassell Wikipedia (2005) The Free Encyclopedia Noam Chomsky http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky (07/05/05) Wikipedia (2005) The Free Encyclopedia- Universal grammar http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Universal_Grammar (07/05/05)

Music Appreciation Essay

The design was at the Thayer H exclusively, a beautiful state of the art facility that is home for the schools concerts, recitals, and other events. It holds up to 200 people, theater row seating, and the stage is set up fairly close to the first row seats which gives the performance a more personable feel to the interview. The wooden floor stage had a beautiful grand Steinway and Sons Piano set off to the side, that was moved later in the middle for the performance of Clarinet Sonata in E-flat Major, Op. 167.The first set up on the program was Ricochet, composed by Kerry Turner. It was matchless of Turners chamber medication ensemble, performed by a brass quintet two trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba. The composition was energetic, skillfully reckoned by the quintet in a manner that depicts life journey dissipated paced to get to the desired place and upon reaching it there is a slowing down pace of life either in peace or dismay.The flake cut was Clarinet Sonata in E-flat Major, Op. 167 by Camille Saint-Saens. This bite was performed with two instruments namely clarinet and lenient. It had a slow movement, opening with tender, melodies that seemed effortless, up and down tempo, whispering softly. This was a short piece compared to other pieces in the program. It had a romantic voice and more consonance, harmonious, and cantabile movement.Camille Saint-Saens was born in Paris on October 9, 1835. His father died when he was a baby, subsequently only having been married to his mother, Clemence a year and a day. His vast aunt, Charlotte Mason, who was a learned person, also became a widow. The two ladies reared and provided for Camille Saint-Saens. He received his introduction to keyboarding from his great aunt at the age of two and a half. He was playing sonatas by the age of five years old. He was writing dance music at the age of 15. According to his auto biography (p.7) Liszt had to show by his Galop Chromatique thedistinction that genius can g ive to the most commonplace themes My waltzes were better. As has ever so been the case with me I was already composing the music directly on paper with working it out on the piano. http//books.google.com/books?id=MOcPAAAAYAAJ&dq=camille%20saint-saens&pg=PA8v=onepage&q=camille%20saint-saens&f=false As Camille later in his life looked over his composition, there was no error in it technically, which is quite significant considering he did not have the basic association of the science of harmony. Camille Saint-Saens, by the age of ten, gave concert played Beethovens Concerto in C minor and also Mozarts concertos in B flat.He became the organist at the Church of Madeleine, which was a highly regarded post. He was considerably known in Paris. A virtuoso who had won prizes for his compositions Introduction et rondo capriccioso (1863) as easily as the Second Piano Concerto (1868). He held a post at Ecole Niedermayer during 1861 and 1865 as a piano professor. He had built life-long fri endship with one of his students Gabriel Faure, one of the great composers of the 19th century and early 20th century. He would be what we would call a renaissance man, for his many gifts and interests. He was interested in perception and also a mathematician. During his later years, an avid traveler and writer wrote about his travels, poetry, and philosophical work. His work continued to be inspired by Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner, composed symphonious poems including Danse Macabre in 1874. He is also known for his opera Samson et Dalila. He died in 1921, in Algeria. https//www.sfcv.org/learn/composer-gallery/saint-sans-camille Sources The following websites retrieved on November 29, 2014.The third piece was composed by Giacomo Miluccio, Rhapsody for Clarinet (ca. 1979). This beautiful and technically difficult piece was a solo for clarinet. This piece started off slow, with low pitch then increased in tempo with increasing pitch as well, that continues to a call and response t ype music, transitioning to dissonance, to slow low melancholy notes, then picks up to a livelier mood. This piece evoked an uncomfortable feeling inside me, sort of giving a music background to my emotions when I am uneasy, frantic, loosing my sense of direction. I personally would not select this music to unwind after a long day at work.The fourth was selections from Divertissement for Oboe, Clarinet, and Bassoon (1927) composed by Erwin Schulhoff, three movements were played. The Charleston Allegro began with a brigh tone, upbeat rhythm, producing dance to the beat of the music. The second movement, Romancero Andantino sounded playful, with the individual instruments playing consecutively in the introduction playing the same note. The tempo is more andantino, relaxed and mezzo forte. The last movement was the Rondo-Finale Molto Allegro con fuoco, it featured a lively theme, faster tempo (prestissimo), many repeated tones playful notes with all instruments, and think fortissimo rushing at the end.The fifth piece was Suite daprs Corrette, by Darius Milhaud. This had four movements included in the program, Entree et Rondeau, Tambourin, Musette and Le Coucou. Each of the four movements had truly playful melody.Darius Milhaud, One of Frances leading composer of the 20th century. He was born to a Jewish family in Aix-en-Provence. His parents Jewish family situation came from the Comtadin sect that has been well established in France for hundreds of years and the Italian Sephardim. http//www.anb.org/articles/18/18-03766.htmlBoth of his parents had musical talents and had been playing music with his parents from his early childhood. He learned to play the violin at age 4. At the age of 17, Milhaud went to school at Paris Conservatoire where he ended up focusing on piano and composition, having the musical influence of top French composers like Paul Dukas, Charles Marie Widor (fugue), Andre Gedalge (counterpoint, composition, and orchestration) Nadia Boulanger, Maurice Ravel, George Enesco, Jacques Ibert were his students. http//www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/milhaud.phpMilhaud and poet, Paul Claudel established a long collaborative birth where Milhaud would compose incident music, while Claudel exit produce libretti for Milhauds works. Their friendship began when he served as a French attache in Rio de Janeiro in the First World War. http//www.allmusic.com/ artificer/darius-milhaud-mn0001175393/biographyHe became part of Les Six, a group of popular French composers under the supervision of Jean Cocteau. The group did not last very long, and had only been able to put together some piano pieces together as a whole group namely, LAlbum des Six. http//www.classicalarchives.com/composer/3012.htmltvf=tracks&tv=about http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_SixDuring his tours to foreign countries such as the U.S.A., Brazil, Vienna, London and the U.S.S.R., where he had quickly absorbed the various musical influences of these regions like jazz and Brazilian music.In 1939, he left France after the Nazi installed the Vichy Regime and many of his Jewish relatives were murdered by the Nazi Germans. An invitation to conduct at the Chicago Symphony, had given his family a apropos exit visa. Through a friend of his, a famous French conductor then at the San Francisco Symphony as a conductor, Pierre Monteux, form a education post for Milhaud at Mills College in Oakland, California. He is often perceived as the champion of polytonality.He may not be the inventor of this technique, he was able to use the technique to its possibilities. He produced at least 440 music pieces, including 12 ballets, nine operas, 12 symphonies, six chamber symphonies, 18 string quartet. He also continued to show his identity with France and the Jewish religion though his music. He later returned to France and kept a similar teaching post at Paris Conservatoire until 1971 along with his post in Mills College. http//www.classicalarchives.com/composer/3012. htmltvf=tracks&tv=about He died in 1974.http//www.milkenarchive.org/people/view/all/574/Darius+Milhaud Sources All websites retrieved on November 30, 2014The final piece was Divertissement for Oboe, Clarinet, and Bassoon by Jean Frangenus Aix. The first movement was allegretto assai, it had a fast beat and very playful. This piece had a lot of dissonance. The Elegie had low pitch, the bassoon was setting the tone to a mournful sound, played inharmony by the clarinet and oboe. The Scherzo, was the last movement played, it had a lot of energy, lamentable very fast. It sounded like a music for dancing, with contrasting tone color.Jean Franaix was born to a family of musicians on May 23, 1912. His father, Alfred Franaix spent cardinal years as the director for the Le Mans Conservatory of Music. His mother was a teacher and choir director also at the Conservatory. He had an early music influence, started learning piano at four, at ten he was taking music lessons with Isidor Philipp,who se long list of students were significant pianists, composers, and conductors, who was also a long while friend of Claude Debussy. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Philipp Franaix, also studied music with Nadia Boulanger, who was a French composer, conductor, who also had a long list of well known students of musicians and composers of the 20th century. Jean Franaix at ten years old, composed Pour Jacqueline in honor of his cousin, and was published after two years. http//www.classicalarchives.com/composer/2535.htmltvf=tracks&tv=aboutHe met Maurice Ravel in 1923, who had encouraged the young Franaix, to pursue his path that he is currently taking. He won the first prize at the Paris Conservatoire when he was 18. In 1932, he successfully gained popularity at the premiere performance of his Concertino for Piano and Orchestra at the Baden-Baden Chamber Music Festival, in Germany. He became sought after after this that he was commissioned to write music for sixteen ballets. He had co mpleted and extensive collection of works including orchestral works, film music, vocal works as well as chamber music. He served at Ecole Normale de Musique in Paris teaching from 1959 to 1962.According to Schott music website, although Jean Franaix had exposure, influence, and fondness for the French Impressionism and the Neoclassicism, and his close relationship with Francis Pulenc and the Groupe Des Six, Jean Franaix never felt committed to any particular musical ideology. http//www.schott-music.com/shop/persons/featured/jean-francaix/ Jean Franaix died in 1997, his major(ip) work, written in 1939, The Apocalypse of Saint John, first performed in 1942, and was later played at his memorialservice at Le Mans Cathedral in 1999. http//www.classicalarchives.com/composer/2535.htmltvf=tracks&tv=about (Sources all websites retrieved on November 30, 2014)The center stages design seemed very intimate to me in terms of the close proximity of the audience to the performers. From where I was sitting (left side, third row from the stage), I noticed that the thespian were exchanging glances, waiting or taking the lead with each melody. I noticed that the instrumentalist had to tune their instruments before they start their pieces. They also seem to be constantly licking their lips. One striking event that I noticed, that I probably will not notice at a different venue where the stage is at a farther distance to the audience, is that the instrumentalists that played as a group, had a way of communicating with each other by glances and nods, whether to play solo, duo or trio.They played their musical instruments with such grace and poise. The moment the instrumentalist started playing the audience were very enthralled with the sound of the music. It was quite a life enriching experience. There was certain beauty and somewhat felt spiritual as I watch the instrumentalist play fantastic sounds with each of their instruments. The Colburn Conservatory School director welcome d the audience to the concert and with pride mentioned that most of their students have won the Pasadena shell House Instrumental Competition.Jay,I am hoping if you would be able to help me describe the following. I dont exactly know how to go about writing description of this final music pieces. If you can, I would really appreciate it.7. A full description of the final musical piece on the concert 10 pointsDivertissement for Oboe, Clarinet, and Bassoon by Jean Franaix, 1912-1997 Prelude https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQywosBYkacAllegretto Assai https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=W682MdjDb4o

The Reality of Married Life

John J. Robinson in his book Of Suchness gives the following advice on love, sex and married life. Be careful and discreet it is a good deal easier to get married than unmarried. If you be in possession of the right mate, its heavenly but if not, you live in a twenty-four-hour daily hell that clings constantly to you, it depose be wizard of the bitterest things in life. Life is indeed strange. Somehow, when you find the right one, you know it in your heart. It is not just an infatuation of the moment. But the powerful urges of sex drive a young person headlong into blind acts and one usher outnot trust his feelings too much.This is especially dead on target if one drinks and get befuddled the lousiest slut in a dark bar can look like a Venus then, and her charms become irresistible. Love is much more than sex though it is the biological bag between a man and a woman love and sex get all inter-twined and mixed up. Problems Almost everyday, we hear people complain about their ma rriages. Very seldom do we hear stories about a happy marriage. Young people reading romantic novels and seeing romantic films a good deal conclude that marriage is a bed of roses.Unfortunately, marriage is not as sweet as one thinks. Marriage and problems are interrelated and people mustiness remember that when they are getting married, they leave have to face problems and responsibilities that they had never expected or experienced hitherto. People often think that it is a affair to get married and that marriage is a very important heretoforet in their lives. However, in order to ensure a successful marriage, a match has to harmonize their lives by minimizing whatever differences they may have between them.Marital problems prompted a cynic to say that there can only be a peaceful married life if the marriage is between a blind wife and a deaf husband, for the blind wife cannot see the faults of the husband and a deaf husband cannot hear the nagging of his wife. Sharing and T rust One of the major causes of marital problems is suspicion and mistrust. Marriage is a blessing but umpteen people make it a curse due to lack of understanding. Both husband and wife should show implicit trust for one an new(prenominal) and tense not to have secrets between them.Secrets create suspicion, suspicion leads to jealously, jealousy generates anger, anger causes enmity and enmity may result in separation, suicide or even murder. If a couple can share pain and pleasure in their day-to-day life, they can console individually other and minimize their grievances. Thus, the wife or husband should not expect to experience only pleasure. There will be a lot of painful, miserable experiences that they will have to face. They must have the strong willpower to reduce their burdens and misunderstandings. Discussing mutual problems will give them confidence to live together with better understanding.Man and woman need the comfort of each other when facing problems and difficulti es. The feelings of insecurity and unrest will disappear and life will be more meaningful, happy and interesting if there is someone who is ordain to share anothers burden. Blinded by Emotions When two people are in love, they course to show only the best aspects of their nature and character to each other in order to project a good impression of themselves. Love is said to be blind and hence people in love tend to become completely oblivious of the darker nerve of each others natures.In practice, each will try to highlight his or her sterling qualities to the other and being so engrossed in love, they tend to accept each other at face measure out only. Each lover will not disclose the darker side of his or her nature for fear of losing the other. Any personal shortcomings are discreetly swept under the carpet, so to speak, so as not to jeopardize their chances of lovely each other. People in love also tend to ignore their partners faults thinking that they will be able to corre ct them after marriage, or that they can live with these faults, that love will conquer all.However, after marriage, as the initial romantic mood wears off, the true nature of each others character will be revealed. Then, much to the disappointment of both parties, the proverbial veil that had so far been concealing the innermost feelings of each partner is removed to expose the true nature of both partners. It is then that disillusion sets in. Material Needs Love by itself does not subsist on fresh air and sunshine alone. The impersonate world is a materialistic world and in order to meet your material needs, proper financing and budgeting is essential. Without it, no family can live comfortably.Such a situation aptly bears out the saying that when poverty knocks at the door, love flies through the window. This does not mean that one must be rich to make a marriage work. However, if one has the bare necessities of life provided through a secure job and careful planning, many unnec essary anxieties can be removed from a marriage. The discomfort of poverty can be averted if there is complete understanding between the couple. Both partners must understand the value of contentment. Both must treat all problems as our problems and share all the ups and downs in the true spirit of a long-standing life partnership.

Research Paper “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love”

Love is unknow. Eros an attr body process based on a sexual desire, Philos friendship complete, or super C interest, Storge the natural go to bed of a p arent for their child or family love, and Agape the unselfish love for the good of another. These are all Greek words and thither definition of love. There are troopsy divers(prenominal) kinds of love from the love of a mother to the love for car, love has no boundaries, but full-strength love between a man and a woman can last a life time. Some may say the feeling of love is the more or less wonderful thing just about life.Love also comes in different cases and scenarios such as the inseparable love, the violent love and the love that never dies. Raymond Carvers what we talk about when we talk about love tells us why love can be so beautiful but yet risky at the analogous time, Mel and Terri are a couple in love with each other and they are married, but they both had broken relationships with their previous love partners. N ick and Laura are also married and are in love with each other, they also had previous love experiences.But do these characters experienced true love or fifty-fifty know what true love is or is it just lust and mostly physical attraction. From the physical to the hokey or even the violent type of love, true love has no limits neither Mel and Terri nor Nick and Laura ever experienced true love because they both had broken relationships or had been divorced with their previous love partners. The twain couples are engaged in a conversation about love and are caught up in trying to figure out what love is.Mel McGinnis is a cardiologist in his mid-forties, he was married and has kids in his previous life, and he was very much in love with his ex-married woman, but that all ended after his divorce. Mel who spent five years in a seminary thought real love was more spiritual than anything else. Mel says he doesnt care for his ex-wife anymore, there was a time when I thought I loved my fi rst wife more than life itself. But now I hate her guts (352, McMahan). He does not know why he feels this way and wants to know what went wrong, what happened to the fire that once burn so brightly.When a marriage union just short ends we tend to ask questions like whose fault is it, were the couples truly in love each other? But in this day and age a man and a woman can be in marriage but not necessarily in love with each other. This shows that love is much deeper than both people coming together to spend their entire lives with each other. Mel may have moved on from his ex-wife Marjorie but he is certainly not frantically in love with Terri whom hes been with for five years but only married for four.Mel controls most of the discussion as the evening progressed, an indication that he is obsessed with the topic. Mel insists that the conversation be directed at one point the definition and nature of love (Bruccoli). Mel defines love as two main different types, the physical love, that impulse that drives you to someone special, as well as love of the other persons being (McMahan, 352), this type of love is among most couples as true love starts with a physical attraction because thats all the soon to be lovers know about each other.The other kind of love that Mel described is the sentimental love, the day to day caring about the other person (McMahan, 352). When a couple is in love, they may say the words I love you on a daily bases but they spend more time showing each other how strong their love is and expressing their feelings sexually and emotionally. Mels current wife Terri also had a previous love encounter, her lover Ed, was more of the violent type of lover, he would beat her and drag her across the living room slice screaming about how much he loved her.Terri believed that that was true love and she strongly defends it against Mel, who thought that love was not supposed to be violent, Mel cannot understand his action as an act of love. Love cannot coexist with hatred in his dogmatic mind (Bruccoli). Eds love for Terri was so strong that he was stalk her after Mel and Terri started dating, Ed even threaten Mels life. Ed was obsessed and more so infatuated with Terri, but Terri did not feel exactly the selfsame(prenominal) way for Ed. Love is something that has to go both ways, couples usually have the same strong feeling for each other because when one partner loves and care

Mbti Analysis

Identify the 4 letter MBTI preference for to each one member of your squad. Harun INAK ESFJ Koray OKSAY ESFJ Deniz KORKMAZ ENTP Ayd? n BIRIK ENTP Firdevs TUNC INFP Our group is an ENFP. 2. What is your teams MBTI profile (E /I, S /N, T / F, J / P? What does the MBTI profile tell you about the way your team may work in concert (strengths and potential challenges)? Team ENFP E = 4 / I = 1 S = 2 / N = 3 T = 2 / F =3 J = 2 / P = 3 Our group is an ENFP. All other types exist in our group.This is the strength for us and we have good communication skills. We atomic number 18 broadly very perceptive about peoples thought and motives and strive for win-win situations as motivational, inspirational bring out the best in others We have some potential challenges in group we are not good at conflict and critism. We mostly are easily bored with routine, repetitive tasks and dont pay attention to their own necessarily 3. How will you work together to leverage your strengths and potential challenges?Our biggest strenght is all other types exist in our group We have two T (thinker) thats mean Deniz and Aydin are comfortable with conflict and tend to point of view then chances. We have two S (sensing) Koray and Harun are patient with routine, tested ideas. 4. What did your team learn from applying and discussing the shit for this week? Our team learned a lot while discussing the tool ,and it contributed a lot to our intercommunication skills within the team.First of all, we had more clear understanding of each others priorities and working character. During the project we will delegate tasks based on the results of our individual characters. Secondly, we understood that we have such a distributed and diverse Psychological Types in our team which gives us a lot of room for development, and accomplishment against various types of problems. Our team is made out of very different types making us capable of go up at challenges in different aspects.As a result, we learned that our team is evenly distributed and has a very good balance. 5. Based on your analysis, what specific locomote will your team take to improve the way you work We definitely need a meeting as it is decided Tuesday in the team charter. At that meeting, that weeks assignment and all the deliverables must be determined to overcome possible confusion before due time. Meeting agenda is important to stay focussed on the assignment. These 2 step should be followed strictly to prevent possible conflicts.

Background & The Evolution of the Internet

The Internet has underg angiotensin-converting enzyme explosive growth since the first connections were established in 1969. This growth has necessitated an exceedingly large system scale-up that has required new developments in the technology of development transfer. These new developments bothow simplified solutions to the hassle of how to reliably get development from omen A to point B. Unfortunately, the rapid pace of the required technological advancement has not eachowed for optimal solutions to the scale-up problem.Rather, these solutions appear to discombobulate been the most convenient and practical at the cadence. Thus, the information transfer technology of todays meshwork does not guarantee the best course of instruction for information infection. The definition of the best cut may mean the most cost effective or the fastest trend or some path based on optimization of multiple protocols, precisely the current technology exercised in the meshing faecal matternot guarantee that the best path for entropy transmitting allow for be chosen. The result is a dec business in economic and system re semen efficiency. The Evolution of the InternetThe Internet has become integ footstepd into the economic, technological and security infra coordinate of virtually e very(prenominal) country in the world. However, the internet had quite a humble beginning. It was originally protrudeed as a back-up military talk theory net (MILNET) and as a university research converse theory network (National Science Foundation Network, NFSNET / Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, ARPANET). The original technology authentic for these limited systems was not designed for the massive scale-up that has occurred since inception.More everyplace, the original design of the internet system was based on the sharing of resources. The recent applications of the internet for commerce and proprietary information transfer processes fare resource sharing a n unwanted aspect. A to a greater extent recent development is resource usage based on policies limiting what part of the internet hind end use a circumstantial return or info transmission system line. An Introduction to Networks and Routing What is a network? A network is a group of computers linked unitedly by transmission lines that allow communication surrounded by the computers. or so of these computers atomic number 18 the equipment used by peck on their ground. Other computers in the network atomic number 18 computers that argon designed wholly to direct traffic on the network or amidst different networks. Computer scientists often think of networks as large graphs with lines used to connect dots. The dots are called nodes and correspond to computers and the lines correspond to the transmission lines that connect the computers. The Internet is a giant network of smaller networks, called autonomous systems, that allows computers to be connected around the globe. What is routing? The process of transfer information from a source computer to a destination computer is called routing. The way this is through stand greatly effect how quickly the information is communicable between the two computers. What is a router? A router is a computer with more than one connection to the rest of the network that is programmed to choose which transmission lines to send information. Some routers or designed to route information between networks, as on the Internet, while different routers work to route information between computers on the similar(p) network.How do routers route? In order for routers to choose the best route (or path) from the source computer to the destination computer, it is necessary that the routers communicate with each other closely what computers and networks they are connected to and the routes that can be used to reach these computers and networks. Often these routes must go through other routers. What are advertisements? Advert isements are the messages move between routers to communicate information about routes to reach each destination. What is convergence?Convergence occurs on the network or internet when all the routers know all the routes to all the destinations. The time required for all the routers to agree on the aver of the network, the network topology, is known as the convergence time. When convergence does not occur, and then information can be communicable to a router which does not know how to get to a destination and this information is then lost. This is called a black hole. It is also practical that the data can be passed around a set of routers continuously without getting to the destination. This is called a routing loop. What is a data parcel?When a large message is beingness transmitted, the message will probably be broken up into smaller messages called data software programs, and these data packets may not all be sent by the same path across the Internet, although they wi ll hope affluenty all reach the same destination What is a metric? A routing metric is a footstep associated with a particular path between a source and a destination used by the router to decide what path is the best path. Typical poetic rhythm used by routing algorithmic programs include path length, bandwidth, load, reliability, correspond (or latency) and communication cost.Path length is a geometric measure of how long the transmission lines are. Bandwidth is used to describe the functional transmission rate (bps) of a give section the execu display panel transmission path. The load is the data packet transmission per unit time. The reliability of a data transmission path is essentially the number of errors per unit time. The delay in data transmission along a certain(prenominal) path is due to a combination of the metrics that vex already been discussed, including geometric length of the transmission lines, bandwidth, and data traffic congestion.The communication cost is essentially the commercial cost of data transmission along a certain transmission line. What is a router protocol? A router protocol is the way the router is programmed to choose the best path for data transmission and communicate with other routers. This algorithm will see to it path metrics associated with each path in a way defined by the by the manager of each AS. What is an internet dispense? In order for routers to identify the destination of a data transmission, every destination must have an address.The internet protocol (IP) method of addressing destinations uses a series of digits separated by dots. An example of an Internet address is 227. 130. 107. 5. Each of the 4 numbers separated by a dot has a value between 0 and 255. This range of values is set from the amount of computer memory designated for addressing at the beginning of the internet. The internet addressing precis is similar to a scheme for international telephone calls. There is a country code which is a fixed number for each country, and then at that place are other numbers which change on the phone number to refer to specific locations within the country.The numbers on the IP address for a network on the internet correspond to what would be the country code on an international phone number are referred to as prefix. The other numbers on the IP address change to refer to individual computers on that particular network. A netmask can also be used to confine which numbers on the IP address for a given network are fixed and which ones can be changed. A netmask is a series on ones and zeroes that can be put over the IP address. The part of the IP address under the ones is fixed as a network address.The part of the IP address under the zeros can be changed to indicate specific computers on the network. What is a Domain Name System (DNS), the world name and the Uniform imaginativeness Locator (URL)? The DNS is a combination of computer hardware and software that can rapidly match the textual matter specification of an IP address, like www. helpmegetoutofthis. com, to an IP address. The part, helpmegetoutofthis. com, is called the domain name. The whole text, www. helpmegetoutofthis. com, is called the Uniform Resource Locator (URL).When you send an e-mail or use the Internet, you use the domain name and the URL to locate specific sites. This allows people to type in the text name, or domain name, of an internet site into the Netscape browser instead of trying to remember the numerical IP address. The DNS automatically matches the text name to the IP address for the user when the transmission request is submitted. What are servers and clients? All of the computers on the Internet are classified as either servers or clients. The computers that provide services to other computers are called servers.The computers that connect to servers to use the services are called clients. Examples of servers are Web servers, e-mail servers, DNS servers and FTP servers. The com puters used at the desktop are more often than not clients. How the internet works. Although the details of routing and software are complex, the operation of the internet from the users perspective is fairly straight forward. As an example of what happens when the Internet is used, consider that you type the URL www. helpmegetoutofthis. com into the Netscape browser.The browser contacts a DNS server to get the IP address. A DNS server would start its search for an IP address. If it finds the IP address for the site, then it returns the IP address to the browser, which then contacts the server for www. helpmegetoutofthis. com, which then transmits the web page to your computer and browser so you can view it. The user is not awake that of the operation of an infrastructure of routers and transmission lines behind this action of retrieving a web page and transmitting the data from one computer to another.The infrastructure of the internet can be seen as a massive array of data relay nodes (routers) interconnected by data transmission lines, where each node can service multiple transmission lines. In the general case where information must be sent across several nodes before being received, there will be many possible pathways over which this transmission might occur. The routers serve to find a path for the data transmission to occur. The routing of a file or data packets of a file is either be done by the technique of source routing or the technique of destination routing.In source routing, the path the data transmission will follow id specified at the source of the transmission, while destination routing is controlled by the routers along the path. In the modern internet, almost all routing is done by destination routing because of security issues associated with source routing. Thus, the routers must be programmed with protocols that allow a reasonable, perhaps optimal, path choice for each data packet. For the routers to choose an best path also requires that the interconnected routers communicate information c erstwhilerning local transmission line metrics.Router communication is thus itself a massive information transfer process, given that there is more than 100,000 networks and millions of hosts on the Internet. When viewing the enormity of the problem, it is perhaps easier to understand why engineers have accepted a sub-optimal solution to the problem of efficiency in data transfer on the Internet. When initially confronting a problem, the practical engineering approach is to simplify the problem to the point where a working solution can be obtained and then refine that solution once the system is functional.Some of the simplifying assumptions used by engineers for the current internet data transmission system include 1) A transmission line is never over capacity and is always available as a path choice. 2) The performance of the router and transmission line does not guess on the amount of traffic. These two assumptions do si mplify the problem of path choice considerably because now all the transmission lines and nodes may be considered decent in capacity and performance completely independent of traffic. As such, it is a much simpler optimization problem consisting of finding the route with the shortest path length.To simplify the problem even further, another assumption is made 3) Consider that an Autonomous System (AS), is a small internet inside the Internet. An AS is generally considered to be a sub-network of an Internet with a common administrative authority and is regulated by a specific set of administrative guidelines. It is assumed that every AS is the same and provides the same performance. The problem of Internet routing can now be broken down into the simpler problem of selecting optimum paths inside the AS and then considering the optimum paths between the AS.Since there are only around 15,000 active ASs on the Internet, the overall problem is reduced to finding the best route over 15,00 0 AS nodes, and then the much simpler problem of finding the best route through each AS. There is an important (to this thesis) set of protocols which control the exchange of routing information between the ASs. The sort of routers in an AS which communicates with the rest of the internet and other ASs are called border routers. Border routers are controlled by a set of programming instructions known as Border introduction Protocol, BGP.A more detailed discussion of computer networking principals and the Internet facts can be found in e. g. 7. An Introduction to Router Protocols. Routers are computers connected to multiple networks and programmed to control the data transmission between the networks. Usually, there are multiple paths that are possible for transmission of data between two points on the Internet. The routers involved in the transmission between two points can be programmed to choose the best path based on some metric. The protocols used to determine the path for data transmission are routing algorithms.Typical metrics used by routing algorithms include path length, bandwidth, load, reliability, delay (or latency) and communication cost. Path length. Path length is a geometric measure of how long the transmission lines are. The routers can be programmed to assign weights to each transmission line proportional to the length of the line or each network node. The path length is then the sum of the weights of the nodes, lines or lines plus nodes along the possible transmission path. Bandwidth. Bandwidth is used to describe the available transmission rate (bps) of a given section the possible transmission path.An open 64 kbps line would not generally be chosen as the pathway for data transmission if an open 10 Mbps Ethernet link is also open, assuming everything else is equal. However, sometimes the higher bandwidth path is very busy and the time required for transmission on a busy, high bandwidth line is actually longer than on a path with a bring down bandwidth. Load. This data packet transmission per unit time or the percent of CPU utilization of a router on a given path is referred to as the load on this path. Reliability.The reliability of a data transmission path can be quantitatively described as the bit error rate and results in the assignment of numeric reliability metrics for the possible data transmission pathways. Delay. The delay in data transmission along a certain path is due to a combination of the metrics that have already been discussed, including geometric length of the transmission lines, bandwidth, and data traffic congestion. Because of the mark nature of the communications delay metric, it is commonly used in routing algorithms. Communication Cost.In some cases, the commercial cost of data transmission may be more important the time cost. Commercial organisations often prefer to transmit data over low capacity lines which they own as opposed to using public, high capacity lines that have usage charges. The routing algorithms do not have to use just one metric to determine the optimum route rather it is possible to choose the optimum route based on multiple metrics. In order for the optimum path to be chosen by the routers between the data source and the data destination, the routers must communicate information about the relevant metrics with other routers.This nature of this communication process is also defined by the routing algorithm and the transmission time is linked to the time required for the routers to have the necessary information about the orders of the surrounding routers. The time required for all the routers to agree on the state of the network, the network topology, is known as the convergence time and when all routers are aware of the network topology, the network is said to have converged. Some of the common routing algorithm types can indeed affect the convergence of the network.Some of the different algorithms characteristics that must be chosen when designi ng are static or active routing, single path or multi-path routing and link state or place sender routing. Static Routing. Static routing is done by use of a static list of attributes describing the network topology at the initiation of the network. This list, called a routing table, is used by the routers to decide the optimum routes for each type of data transmission and can only be changed manually. Therefore, if anything changes in the network, such as a cable breaking or a router crashing, the viability of the network is likely to be compromised.The advantage is that there is no communication required between routers, thus the network is always converged. Dynamic Routing. In contrast to static routing, dynamic routing continually updates the routing tables according to changes that might occur in the network topology. This type of real time information processing allows the network to adjust to variations in data traffic and component reliability, but does require communicat ion between the routers and thus there is a convergence time cost associated with this solution.Single Path vs Multi-path Routing. Single path and muli-path routing are accurate descriptive terms regarding the use of either a single line to send multiple packets of data from a given source to a given destination as opposed to using multiple paths to send all the data packets from the source to the destination. Multiple path algorithms achieve a much higher transmission rate because of a more efficient utilization of available resources. Link State vs Dynamic Routing Protocols.Link-state algorithms are dynamic routing algorithms which require routers to send routing table information to all the routers in the network, but only that information which describes its own operational state. Distance-vector algorithms, however, require each router to send the whole of its router table, but only to the neighbouring routers. Because the link-state algorithms require small amounts of informat ion to be sent to a large number of routers and the distance vector algorithm requires large amounts of information sent to a small number of routers, the link state algorithm will converge faster.However, link state algorithms require more system resources (CPU time and memory). There is a new type of algorithm developed by CISCO which is a hybrid of the link-state algorithm and the distance vector algorithm 8.. This proprietary algorithm converges faster than the typical distance-vector algorithm but provides more information to the routers than the typical link-state algorithm. This is because the routers are allowed to actively query one another to obtain the necessary information missing from the partial tables communicated by the link-state algorithms.At the same time, this hybrid algorithm avoids communication of any superfluous information exhibited in the router communications of the full tables associated with distance-vector algorithm. Switching. The distance vector, link state or hybrid algorithms all have the same purpose, to insure that all of the routers have an updated table that gives information on all the data transmission paths to a specific destination. Each of these protocols requires that when data is transmitted from a source to a destination, the routers have the ability to switch the address on the data transmission.When a router receives a data packet from a source with the destination address, it examines the address of the destination. If the router has a path to that destination in the routing table, then the router determines the address of the next router the data packet will hop to and changes the physical address of packet to that of the next hop, and then transmits the packet. This process of physical address change is called switching. It will be repeated at each hop until the packet reaches the final destination.Although the physical address for the forwarding transmission of the data packet changes as the packet moves acro ss the Internet, the final destination address remains associated with the packet and is a constant. The internet is divided up into hierarchical groups that are useful in the description of the switching process. At the bottom of this hierarchy are network devices without the capability to switch and forward packets between sub-networks, where an AS is a sub-network.These network devices are called end systems (ESs), because if a packet is transmitted there, it cannot be forwarded and has come to the end. At the top of the hierarchy are the network devices that can switch physical addresses are called intermediate systems (ISs). An IS which can only forward packets within a sub-network are referred to as intra-domain ISs while those which communicate either within or between sub-networks are called intra-domain ISs. Details of Routing Algorithms Link State AlgorithmsIn a link state algorithm, every router in the network is notified of a topology change at the same time. This avoids some of the problems associated with the nearest neighbour update propagation that occurs in the distance vector algorithms. The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol uses a graph topology algorithm like Dijkstras Algorithm to determine the best path for data transmission between a given data source and a data destination. The metric used for route optimisation is specific to the manual bod of the router.However, the default metric is the speed of the interface. The OSPF uses a two level, hierarchical network classification. The lower level of hierarchy is groups of routers called areas. All the routers in an area have full knowledge of all the other routers in the area, but reduced knowledge of routers in a different area. The different areas organized within the OSPF algorithm are connected by border routers, which have full knowledge of multiple areas. The upper level of the hierarchy is the backbone network, to which all areas must be connected.That is, all data traffic goi ng from one area to another must pass through the backbone routers. Distance Vector Algorithms In order for data to be transmitted from a source to a destination on the Internet, the destination must be identified using some mechanism. That is, each possible destination for data transmission must be described with an address. The scheme currently used to address the internet space is the Internet Protocol (IP) stochastic variable 4. The IP version 4 uses an address length limited by 32 bits. An example of an Internet address is 227. 130. 107.5 with the corresponding bit vector 11100011 10000010 01101011 00000101. An initial difficulty in managing the available address space was the implementation of a class structure, where large blocks of internet address space was reserved for organisations such as universities, leaving commercial applications with limited address space. Routing of data transmission in this address environment was referred to as class-full routing. To alleviate t his problem of limited address space, the internet community has slowly evolved to a classless structure, with classless routing.In distance vector protocols, each router sends adjacent routers information about known paths to specific addresses. The neighbouring routers are sent information giving a distance metric of each one from a destination address. The distance metric could be the number of routers which must be used to reach the destination address, known as the hop count, or it could be the actual transmission distance in the network. Although this information is publicise only to the adjacent routers, these routers will then communicate the information with their neighbouring routers, and so on, until the entire network has the same information.This information is then used to build the routing table which associates the distance metric with a destination address. The distance vector protocol is implemented when a router receives a packet, notes the destination, determine s the path with the shortest distance to the destination and then send on the packet to the next router along the shortest distance path. One of the first distance vector protocols implemented on the Internet was the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). RIP uses the distance metric of hop count to determine the shortest distance to the destination address.It also implements several protocols to avoid having data packets pass through the same router more than once (router loops). The path vector protocol is a distance vector protocol that includes information on the routes over which the routing updates have been transmitted. It is this information on path structure which is used to avoid routing loops. Path Vector Protocols are also somewhat more sophisticated than RIP because an attempt is made to weight each path based on a locally defined criteria that may not simply reflect the highest quality of service, but rather the highest profit for an ISP.The implementation of these types of router algorithms may be different in different parts of the Internet. When the algorithms are implemented inside an autonomous system, they are called Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP). Because the different autonomous systems that make up the Internet are independent from one another, the type of routing algorithm used within the autonomous systems can also be independent of one another.That is, the managers of each autonomous system are free to choose the type of algorithm which best suits their particular network, whether it is static or dynamic link-state or dynamic distance-vector. When the algorithms are implemented to control data transmission between autonomous systems, they are referred to as Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP). The EGP connect all autonomous systems together to form the Internet and thus all EGP should use the same algorithm.The specific algorithm currently used as the EGP on the Internet is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is a type of distance v ector algorithm called a path vector algorithm 9. A path vector algorithm uses information about the final destination of the data transmission in addition to the attributes of the neighbouring links. It should be noted that the BGP algorithm can also be used as a router protocol within an autonomous system and is called an interior BGP (IBGP) in that instance. This necessitates calling the BGP an EBGP when it is implemented as an EGP.

Patient Recording System Essay

The ashes supplies futurity entropy contendments of the Fire Service Emergency Cover (FSEC) project, Fire Control, fundamental re attend and development. Fire and hand over Services (FRSs) will also be open to spend this better quality entropy for their avouch purposes.The IRS will provide FRSs with a fully electronic entropy commence organization for all incidents attended. wholly UK fire services will be using this placement by 1 April 2009.Creation of a general-purpose aesculapian present is unrivalled of the more(prenominal) difficult problems in in beationbase design. In the USA, roughly health check initiative appearances have a lot more electronic information on a perseverings pecuniary and insurance history than on the perseverings medical record. Financial information, like orthodox score information, is far easier to computing deviceize and maintain, beca expend the information is fairly standardized. Clinical information, by contrast, is excee dingly diverse. Signal and image selective informationX-Rays, ECGs, requires much storage space, and is more challenging to manage. Mainstream relational database engines developed the ability to handle image data less than a decade ago, and the mainframe-style engines that run both(prenominal) medical database systems have lagged technologically. One easy- hunch forwardn system has been written in assembly language for an obsolescent class of mainframes that IBM sells only to hospitals that have elected to corrupt this system.CPRSs be designed to review clinical information that has been self-possessed through a variety of mechanisms, and to capture new information. From the perspective of review, which implies retrieval of captured data, CPRSs laughingstock retrieve data in two ways. They mint march data on a single unhurried (specified through a uncomplaining ID) or they stack be apply to identify a find of patients (not known in advance) who happen to match speci al demographic, diagnostic or clinical parameters. That is, retrieval can either be patient-centric or parameter-centric. Patient-centric retrieval is measurable for real m clinical decision support. Real time means that the response should be obtained inwardly seconds (or a a few(prenominal) smalls at the most), because the availability of current information whitethorn mean the expiration between life and death. Parameter-centric retrieval, by contrast, involves impact pear-shaped volumes of data response time is not curiously critical, however, because the results atomic number 18 used for purposes like long-term planning or for research, as in retrospective studies.In general, on a single shape, it is possible to create a database design that accomplishs either patient-centric retrieval or parameter-centric retrieval, but not both(prenominal). The challenges ar partly logistic and partly architectural. From the logistic rack, in a system meant for real-time patien t interrogative, a giant parameter-centric interrogative that processed half the records in the database would not be desirable because it would steal machine cycles from critical patient-centric queries. Many database operations, both business and medical, in that respectfore periodically reproduction data from a transaction (patient-centric) database, which captures primary data, into a parameter-centric question database on a separate machine in order to get the best of both worlds.Some commercial patient record systems, much(prenominal) as the 3M Clinical Data Repository (CDR)1 ar roll upd of two subsystems, one that is transaction-oriented and one that is query-oriented. Patient-centric query is distributeed more critical for day-to-day operation, especially in smaller or non-research-oriented institutions. Many vendors in that respectfore fling parameter-centric query facilities as an improveral package separate from their base CPRS offering. We now discuss the arc hitectural challenges, and consider why creating an institution-wide patient database poses earthshakingly great hurdles than creating one for a single department.During a sub plan check-up, a clinician goes through a standard checklist in terms of history, physical examination and testing ground investigations. When a patient has one or more symptoms suggesting illness, however, a whole series of questions argon asked, and investigations performed (by a specializer if necessary), which would not be asked/performed if the patient did not have these symptoms. These are based on the suspected (or apparent) diagnosing/-es. Proformas (communications protocols) have been devised that simplify the patients workup for a general examination as well as many disease categories.The clinical parameters recorded in a abanthroughd protocol have been worked pop out by experience over years or decades, though the types of questions asked, and the order in which they are asked, varies with t he institution (or vendor package, if data capture is electronically assisted). The level of detail is often left to individual judgment clinicians with a research interest in a particular proposition condition will record more detail for that condition than clinicians who do not. A certain minimum set of facts moldiness be gathered for a given condition, however, irrespective of personal or institutional preferences.The objective of a protocol is to maximise the likelihood of detection and recording of all significant findings in the limited time available. One records both positive findings as well as significant negatives (e.g., no history of alcoholism in a patient with cirrhosis). New protocols are continually evolving for emergent disease complexes such as AIDS. While protocols are typically printed out (both for the benefit of possibly inexperienced residents, and to form part of the permanent paper record), experienced clinicians often have them committed to memory. Howev er, the difference between an average clinician and a superb one is that the last mentioned knows when to depart from the protocol if departure never occurred, new syndromes or disease complexes would never be discovered. In any case, the protocol is the starting point when we consider how to store information in a CPRS.This system, however, focuses on the processes by which data is stored and retrieved, rather than the ancillary functions provided by the system. The obvious approach for storing clinical data is to record separately type of finding in a separate newspaper column in a postpone. In the simplest example of this, the so-called flat-file design, there is only a single value per parameter for a given patient encounter. Systems that capture standardised data related to a particular specialty (e.g., an obstetric examination, or a colonoscopy) often do this. This approach is simple for non-computer-experts to understand, and also easiest to analyse by statistics programs (which typically require flat files as input). A system that incorporates problem-specific clinical guidelines is easiest to implement with flat files, as the software engineering for data management is relatively minimal.In certain cases, an entire class of related parameters is placed in a group of columns in a separate knock ass, with multiple sets of values. For example, laboratory information systems, which support labs that perform hundreds of kinds of streamlets, do not use one column for any test that is offered. Instead, for a given patient at a given instant in time, they store pairs of values consisting of a lab test ID and the value of the result for that test. Similarly for pharmacy orders, the values consist of a drug/medication ID, the readiness strength, the route, the frequency of administration, and so on. When one is likely to encounter repeated sets of values, one must(prenominal) generally use a more sophisticated approach to managing data, such as a rela tional database management system (RDBMS). Simple spreadsheet programs, by contrast, can manage flat files, though RDBMSs are also more than adequate for that purpose.The one-column-per-parameter approach, unfortunately, does not scale up when considering an institutional database that must manage data across dozens of departments, each with numerous protocols. (By contrast, the groups-of-columns approach scales well, as we shall discuss later.) The reasons for this are discussed below.One obvious problem is the sheer pattern of slackens that must be managed. A given patient may, over time, have any combination of ailments that orthodontic braces specialities cross-departmental referrals are common heretofore for inpatient admission episodes. In most Western European countries where national-level medical records on patients go back over several decades, using such a database to answer the question, key me everything that has happened to this patient in forward/reverse chronol ogical order involves searching hundreds of protocol-specific tables, rase though most patients may not have had more than a few ailments.Some clinical parameters (e.g., serum enzymes and electrolytes) are relevant to multiple specialities, and, with the one-protocol-per-table approach, they tend to be recorded redundantly in multiple tables. This violates a cardinal traffic pattern of database design a single type of fact should be stored in a single place. If the like fact is stored in multiple places, cross-protocol analysis becomes needlessly difficult because all tables where that fact is recorded must be first tracked down.The number of tables keeps g wordsing as new protocols are devised for emergent conditions, and the table structures must be altered if a protocol is modified in the light of medical advances. In a practical application, it is not enough merely to modify or add a table one must alter the user interface to the tables that is, the data-entry/browsing screen s that present the protocol data. While both(prenominal) system maintenance is always necessary, endless redesign to keep pace with medical advances is tedious and undesirable.A simple alternative to creating hundreds of tables suggests itself. One might attempt to combine all facts applicable to a patient into a single row. Unfortunately, across all medical specialities, the number of possible types of facts runs into the hundreds of thousands. Todays database engines allow a maximum of 256 to 1024 columns per table, and one would require hundreds of tables to allow for every possible type of fact. Further, medical data is time-stamped, i.e., the start time (and, in some cases, the end time) of patient events is in-chief(postnominal) to record for the purposes of both diagnosing and management.Several facts about a patient may have a common time-stamp, e.g., serum chemistry or haematology panels, where several tests are done at a time by automate equipment, all results be sta mped with the time when the patients blood was drawn. Even if databases did allow a potentially infinite number of columns, there would be considerable wastage of disk space, because the vast majority of columns would be irrelevant (null) for a single patient event. (Even null values use up a modest nub of space per null fact.) Some columns would be inapplicable to particular types of patientse.g., gyn/obs facts would not apply to males.The challenges to representing institutional patient data arise from the fact that clinical data is both highly heterogeneous as well as sparse. The design solution that deals with these problems is called the entity- assign-value (EAV) model. In this design, the parameters (attribute is a synonym of parameter) are treated as data recorded in an attribute definitions table, so that addition of new types of facts does not require database restructuring by addition of columns. Instead, more rows are added to this table.The patient data table (the EAV table) records an entity (a combination of the patient ID, clinical event, and one or more date/time stamps recording when the events recorded actually occurred), the attribute/parameter, and the associated value of that attribute. Each row of such a table stores a single fact about a patient at a particular instant in time. For example, a patients laboratory value may be stored as (, 12/2/96, serum_potassium, 4.1). Only positive or significant negative findings are recorded nulls are not stored. Therefore, despite the extra space taken up by repetition of the entity and attribute columns for every row, the space is taken up is actually less than with a conventional design.Attribute-value pairs themselves are used in non-medical areas to manage extremely heterogeneous data, e.g., in Web cookies (text files written by a Web server to a users local machine when the site is world browsed), and the Microsoft Windows registries. The first major use of EAV for clinical data was in th e pioneering HELP system built at LDS hospital in Utah starting from the late 70s.6,7,8 HELP originally stored all data characters, numbers and dates as ASCII text in a pre-relational database (ASCII, for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is the enrol used by computer hardware almost universally to represent characters. The range of 256 characters is adequate to represent the character set of most European languages, but not ideographic languages such as Mandarin Chinese.) The modern reading material of HELP, as well as the 3M CDR, which is a commercialisation of HELP, uses a relational engine.A team at Columbia University was the first to enhance EAV design to use relational database technology. The Columbia-Presbyterian CDR,9,10 also separated numbers from text in separate columns. The usefulness of storing numeric data as numbers instead of ASCII is that one can create useful indexes on these numbers. (Indexes are a feature of database technology that allo w fast search for particular values in a table, e.g., laboratory parameters deep down or beyond a particular range.). When numbers are stored as ASCII text, an index on such data is useless the text 12.5 is greater than 11000, because it comes later in alphabetical order.) Some EAV databases therefore segregate data by data type. That is, there are separate EAV tables for short text, long text (e.g., discharge summaries), numbers, dates, and binary data (signal and image data). For every parameter, the system records its data type so that one knows where it is stored. fare/DB,11,12 a system for management of clinical trials data (which shares many features with CDRs) created at Yale University by a team led by this author, uses this approach.From the conceptual viewpoint (i.e., ignoring data type issues), one may therefore think of a single giant EAV table for patient data, brooking one row per fact for a patient at a particular date and time. To answer the question tell me every thing that has happened to patient X, one simply gathers all rows for this patient ID (this is a fast operation because the patient ID column is indexed), sorts them by the date/time column, and then presents this information after(prenominal) joining to the Attribute definitions table. The last operation ensures that attributes are presented to the user in ordinary language e.g., haemoglobin, instead of as cryptic numerical IDs.One should mention that EAV database design has been employed primarily in medical databases because of the sheer heterogeneity of patient data. One hardly ever encounters it in business databases, though these will often use a restricted form of EAV termed row modelling. Examples of row modelling are the tables of laboratory test result and pharmacy orders, discussed earlier.Note also that most production EAV databases will always contain components that are designed conventionally. EAV re launching is suitable only for data that is sparse and highly vari able. Certain kinds of data, such as patient demographics (name, sex, birth date, address, etc.) is standardized and recorded on all patients, and therefore there is no advantage in storing it in EAV form.EAV is primarily a means of simplifying the physical lineation of a database, to be used when simplification is beneficial. However, the users conceptualisethe data as being segregated into protocol-specific tables and columns. Further, external programs used for graphical presentation or data analysis always expect to receive data as one column per attribute. The conceptual schema of a database reflects the users perception of the data. Because it implicitly captures a significant part of the semantics of the domain being modelled, the conceptual schema is domain-specific.A user-friendly EAV system solely conceals its EAV nature from its end-users its interface confirms to the conceptual schema and creates the illusion of conventional data organisation. From the software perspec tive, this implies on-the-fly transformation of EAV data into conventional structure for presentation in forms, reports or data extracts that are passed to an analytic program. Conversely, changes to data by end-users through forms must be translated back into EAV form before they are saved.To achieve this sleight-of-hand, an EAV system records the conceptual schema through metadata dictionary tables whose circumscribe describe the rest of the system. While metadata is important for any database, it is critical for an EAV system, which can seldom function without it. map/DB, for example, uses metadata such as the grouping of parameters into forms, their presentation to the user in a particular order, and validation checks on each parameter during data entry to automatically generate web-based data entry. The metadata architecture and the various data entry features that are supported through automatic generation are described elsewhere.13EAV is not a panacea. The simplicity and c ompactness of EAV representation is offset by a potential performance penalty compared to the akin conventional design. For example, the simple AND, OR and NOT operations on conventional data must be translated into the significantly less efficient set operations of Intersection, Union and Difference respectively. For queries that process potentially large amounts of data across thousands of patients, the impact may be felt in terms of increased time taken to process queries.A quantitative benchmarking study performed by the Yale group with microbiology data modelled both conventionally and in EAV form indicated that parameter-centric queries on EAV data ran anywhere from 2-12 times as slow as queries on equivalent conventional data.14 Patient-centric queries, on the other hand, run at the same speed or even faster with EAV schemas, if the data is highly heterogeneous. We have discussed the reason for the latter.A more practical problem with parameter-centric query is that the stan dard user-friendly tools (such as Microsoft Accesss Visual Query-by-Example) that are used to query conventional data do not help very much for EAV data, because the physical and conceptual schemas are completely different. Complicating the issue further is that some tables in a production database are conventionally designed. Special query interfaces need to be built for such purposes. The general approach is to use metadata that knows whether a particular attribute has been stored conventionally or in EAV form a program consults this metadata, and generates the appropriate query code in response to a users query. A query interface built with this approach for the ACT/DB system12 this is currently being ported to the Web.So far, we have discussed how EAV systems can create the illusion of conventional data organization through the use of protocol-specific forms. However, the problem of how to record information that is not in a protocole.g., a clinicians impressionshas not been add ressed. One way to tackle this is to create a general-purpose form that allows the data entry person to pick attributes (by keyword search, etc.) from the thousands of attributes within the system, and then supply the values for each. (Because the user must directly add attribute-value pairs, this form reveals the EAV nature of the system.) In practice, however, this process, which would take several seconds to half a minute to locate an individual attribute, would be far too tedious for use by a clinician.Therefore, clinical patient record systems also allow the storage of free text narrative in the refers own words. Such text, which is of arbitrary size, may be entered in various ways. In the past, the clinician had to compose a note comprising such text in its entirety. Today, however, template programs can often provide structure data entry for particular domains (such as chest X-ray interpretations). These programs will generate narrative text, including boilerplate for find ings that were normal, and can greatly reduce the clinicians workload. Many of these programs use speech recognition software, thereby improving throughput even further.Once the narrative has been recorded, it is desirable to encode the facts captured in the narrative in terms of the attributes defined within the system. (Among these attributes may be concepts derived from controlled vocabularies such as SNOMED, used by Pathologists, or ICD-9, used for disease categorisation by epidemiologists as well as for billing records.) The advantage of encoding is that subsequent analysis of the data becomes much simpler, because one can use a single code to record the multiple correspondent forms of a concept as encountered in narrative, e.g., hepatic/liver, kidney/renal, vomiting/emesis and so on. In many medical institutions, there are non-medical personnel who are trained to scan narrative dictated by a clinician, and identify concepts from one or more controlled vocabularies by looking up keywords.This process is extremely human intensive, and there is ongoing informatics research focused on automating part of the process. Currently, it appears that a computer program cannot replace the human component entirely. This is because certain terms can match more than one concept. For example, anaesthesia refers to a procedure ancillary to surgery, or to a clinical finding of loss of sensation. Disambiguation requires some degree of domain knowledge as well as knowledge of the scene where the phrase was encountered. The processing of narrative text is a computer-science speciality in its own right, and a preceding article15 has discussed it in depth. aesculapian knowledge-based consultation programs (expert systems) have always been an active area of medical informatics research, and a few of these, e.g., QMR16,17 have attained production-level status. A drawback of many of these programs is that they are designed to be stand-alone. While useful for assisting diagnosis or management, they have the drawback that information that may already be in the patients electronic record must be re-entered through a dialog between the program and the clinician.In the context of a hospital, it is desirable to implement embeddedknowledge-based systems that can act on patient data as it is being recorded or generated, rather than after the fact (when it is often too late). Such a program might, for example, detect potentially dangerous drug interactions based on a particular patients prescription that had honorable been recorded in the pharmacy component of the CPRS. Alternatively, a program might post an alert (by pager) to a clinician if a particular patients monitored clinical parameters deteriorated severely.The units of program code that bunk on incoming patient data in real-time are called medical logic modules (MLMs), because they are used to express medical decision logic. While one could theoretically use any programming language (combined with a d atabase access language) to express this logic, portability is an important issue if you have spent much cause creating an MLM, you would like to share it with others. Ideally, others would not have to rewrite your MLM to run on their system, but could install and use it directly. Standardization is therefore desirable. In 1994, several CPRS researchers proposed a standard MLM language called the Arden syntax.18,19,20 Arden resembles BASIC (it is designed to be easy to learn), but has several functions that are useful to express medical logic, such as the concepts of the earliest and the latest patient events.One must first implement an Arden interpreter or compiler for a particular CPRS, and then write Arden modules that will be triggered after certain events. The Arden code is translated into specific database operations on the CPRS that retrieve the appropriate patient data items, and operations implementing the logic and decision based on that data. As with any programming lan guage, interpreter implementation is not a simple task, but it has been done for the Columbia-Presbyterian and HELP CDRs two of the informaticians responsible for defining Arden, Profs. George Hripcsak and T. Allan Pryor, are also lead developers for these respective systems. To assist Arden implementers, the precondition of version 2 of Arden, which is now a standard supported by HL7, is available on-line.20Arden-style MLMs, which are fundamentally if-then-else rules, are not the only way to implement embedded decision logic. In certain situations, there are sometimes more efficient ways of achieving the desired result. For example, to detect drug interactions in a pharmacy order, a program can generate all possible pairs of drugs from the list of prescribed drugs in a particular pharmacy order, and perform database lookups in a table of known interactions, where information is typically stored against a pair of drugs. (The table of interactions is typically obtained from sources such as First Data Bank.) This is a much more efficient (and more maintainable) solution than sequentially evaluating a large list of rules embodied in multiple MLMs.Nonetheless, appropriately designed MLMs can be an important part of the CPRS, and Arden deserves to become more widespread in commercial CPRSs. Its currently limited support in such systems is more due to the significant implementation effort than to any flaw in the concept of MLMs.Patient management software in a hospital is typically acquired from more than one vendor many vendors specialize in receding markets such as picture archiving systems or laboratory information systems. The patient record is therefore often distributed across several components, and it is essential that these components be able to inter-operate with each other. Also, for various reasons, an institution may occupy to switch vendors, and it is desirable that migration of existing data to another system be as painless as possible.Data rally /migration is facilitated by standardization of data interchange between systems created by different vendors, as well as the metadata that supports system operation. Significant progress has been made on the former front. The standard formats used for the exchange of image data and non-image medical data are DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) and HL-7 (Health take aim 7) respectively. For example, all vendors who market digital radiography, CT or MRI devices are supposed to be able to support DICOM, irrespective of what data format their programs use internally.HL-7 is a hierarchical format that is based on a language specification syntax called ASN.1 (ASN=Abstract Syntax Notation), a standard originally created for exchange of data between libraries. HL-7s specification is instead complex, and HL-7 is intended for computers rather than humans, to whom it can be quite cryptic. There is a move to wrap HL-7 within (or replace it with) an equivalent dialect of th e more human-understandable XML (eXtended Markup Language), which has quick gained prominence as a data interchange standard in E-commerce and other areas. XML also has the advantage that there are a very large number of third-party XML tools available for a vendor just entering the medical field, an interchange standard based on XML would be considerably easier to implement.CPRSs pose tremendous informatics challenges, all of which have not been fully solved many solutions devised by researchers are not always successful when implemented in production systems. An issue for further discussion is security and confidentiality of patient records. In countries such as the US where health insurers and employers can arbitrarily reject individuals with particular illnesses as posing too high a risk to be profitably insured or employed, it is important that patient information should not fall in the wrong hands.Much also depends on the code of honour of the individual clinician who is aut horised to look at patient data. In their book, Freedom at Midnight, authors Larry collins and Dominic Lapierre cite the example of Mohammed Ali Jinnahs anonymous physician (supposedly Rustom Jal Vakil) who had discovered that his patient was dying of lung cancer. Had Nehru and others come to know this, they might have prolonged the partition discussions indefinitely. Because Dr. Vakil respected his patients confidentiality, however, world history was changed.